Anthropology
Paper I
(1)
- Meaning and scope Anthropology
- Relationship with other disciplines: History, Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Political Science, Life Science, Medical Science.
- Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance
- Social-cultural Anthropology
- Physical and biological Anthropology
- Archaeological Anthropology
- Human Evolution and emergence of Man:
- Organic Evolution: Theories of evolution in historical perspective, pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Darwinian period. Modern synthetic theory of evolution; brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll's rule, Cope's rule, Gause's rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, mosaic evolution); Principles of systematics and taxonomy, major primate taxa, tertiary and quaternary fossil primates, Systematics of Hominoidea and Hominidae, Origin and evolution of man-'Homo erectus and Homo sapiens'.
- Phylogenetic status, characteristics and distribution of the following:
- Prepleistocence fossil primates: Oreopithecus.1
- South and East African hominids: Plesianthropus/Australopithecus Africaus, Paranthropus, Australopithecus.
- Paranthropus-Homo erectus-Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis.
- Homo Heidelbergensis.
- Neanderthal man-La-chapelle-aus-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmelites types (Progressive type).
- Rhodesian man
- Homo sapiens-Cromognon, Grimaldi, Chancelede.
- Recent advances in understanding the evolution, distribution and multidisciplinary approach to understand a fossil type in relation to others.
- Evolutionary trend and classification of the order Primates: Relationship with other mammals, molecular evolution of Primates, Comparative anatomy of man and apes, primate locomotion;-terrestrial and arboreal adaptation, skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.
- Cultural Evolution-broad outlines of pre-historic cultures:
- Paleolithic
- Mesolithic
- Neolithic
- Chalcolithic
- Copper-Bronze age
- Iron age
(2)
- Family: Definition and typology of family, household and domestic groups. Basic structure and functions; stability and changes in family. Typological and processual approaches to the study of family. Impact of urbanization, industrialization, education and feminist movements. Universality of family-a critique.
- Concept of kinship: Definition of kin, incest prohibition exogamy and endogamy. Principles of descent-types and functions. Political and jural aspects of kinship. Unilineal, bilateral and double descent. Descent, filiation and complementary filiation. Kinship terminology, typology and approaches to the study of terminology Alliance and descent.
- Marriage: Definition, types and variation of marriage systems. Debates on the universal definition of marriage. Regulation of marriage-preferential, prescriptive, proscriptive and open systems. Types and form of marriage Dowry, bride-price, pestation and marriage stability.
(3)
- Study of culture, patterns and processes. Concept of culture, patterns of culture, relationships between culture and civilization and society.
- Concept of Social Change and Cultural Change
- Social structure and social organization, Role-analysis and social network. Institutions, groups community. Social stratification: principles and form, status, class and power, gender. Nature and types of mobility.
- Concept of Society
- Approaches to the study of culture and society-classical evolutionism, neo-evolutionism, culture ecology, historical particularism and diffusionism, structural-functionalism, culture and personality, transaction-alism, symbolism, congnitive approach and new ethnography, post structuralism and post-modernism.
(4)
- Definitions and functions of religion. Anthropological approaches to the study of religion-evolutionary, psychological and functional. Magic, witchcraft and sorcery; definitions and functions and functionaries: priest, saman, medicine man and sorcerers. Symbolism in religion and rituals. Ethnomedicine. Myths and rituals: definitions and approaches to their study-structural, functional and processual Relation with economic and political structures.
(5)
- Meaning, scope and relevance, principles governing production, distribution and consumption in communities subsisting on hunting-gathering, fishing, pastoralism, horticulture and other economic pursuits. Fomalist and substantivist debate-Dalton, Karl-polyanny and Marx approach and New Economic Anthropology. Exchange: gifts, barter, trade, ceremonial exchange and market economy.
- Theoretical foundations. Types of political organisations-band, tribe, chiefdom, state, concept of power, authority and legitimacy. Social control, law and justice in tribal and peasant societies.
(6)
- Concepts of developmental Anthropological perspective. Models of development. Critiques of classical developmental theories. Concepts of planning and planned development. Concept of participatory development. Culture ecology and sustainable development. Displacement and rehabilitation.
(7)
- Concept of research in anthropology subjectivity and reflexivity in terms of gender class, ideology and ethics. Distinction between methodology, methods and techniques. Nature and explanation in anthropological research. Positivistics and non-positivistic approaches. Comparative methods; nature, purpose and methods of comparison in social and cultural anthropology. Basic techniques of data collection. Interview, participant and other forms of observation, schedules, questionnaire, case-study methods, extended case study methods, life histories and secondary sources, oral history, genealogical method, participatory, learning and assessment (PLA). Participatory rapid assessment (PRA). Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
(8)
- Concept, scope and major branches of human genetics. Its relationship with other branches of science and medicine.
- Method for study of genetic principles in man-family study (pedegree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyotype analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.
- Twin study method: zygosity, heritability estimates, present status of the twin study method and its applications.
- Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal, and polygenic inheritance in man.
- Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes which bring down frequency-mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages (statistical and probability methods for study of human genetics).
- Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.
- Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders)
- Sex chromosomal aberrations-Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex, and other syndromic disorders.
- Autosomal aberrations-Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.
- Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counselling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study.
- Concept of race in histrogical and biological perspective. Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and metric characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial differentiation and race-crossing in man.
- Ethnic groups of mankind: characteristics and distribution in world, racial classification of human groups. Principal living peoples of world. Their distribution and characterisicts.
- Age, sex and population variation in gentic marker: ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA, Hp, transferrin, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-economic groups. Impact of smoking air pollutions, alcoholism, drugs and occupational hazards on health.
(9)
- Concepts and Methods of Ecological Anthropology. Adaptation-social and cultural Deterministic theories-a critique. Resources-biological, non-biological and sustainable development. Biological adaptation-climatic, environmental, nutritional and genetic.
(10)
- Relevance in understanding of contemporary society. Dynamics of ethnicity at rural, tribal, urban and international levels. Ethnic conflicts and political developments. Concept of ethnic boundaries. Ethnicity and concept of nation state.
(11)
Concept of human growth and development:
- Stages of growth-prenatal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence.
- Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socio-economic.
- Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations-biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.
(12)
- Reproductive biology, demography and population study. Reproductive physiology of male and female. Biological aspects of human fertility. Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and differentials.
- Demographic theories-biological, social and cultural.
- Demographic methods-census, registration system, sample methods, duel reporting system.
- Population structures and population dynamics.
- Demographic rates and ratios, life table-structure and utility.
- Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility natality and mortality.
- Methods of studying population growth.
- Biological consequences of population control and family welfare.
(13)
- Anthropology of sports
- Nutritional Anthropology.
- Anthropology in designing of defense and other equipments.
- Forensic Anthropology.
- Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction.
- Applied human genetics-Paternity diagnosis genetic counseling and eugenics.
- DNA technology-prevention and cure of diseases.
- Anthropo-gentics in medicine
- Serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.
- Application of statistical principles in human genetics and Physical Anthropology.
1.1 Meaning, Scope and development of Anthropology.
1.2 Relationships with other disciplines : Social Sciences, behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences,
Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities.
1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance :
(a) Social-cultural Anthropology.
(b) Biological Anthropology.
(c) Archaeological Anthropolog
Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
(d) Linguistic Anthropology.
1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man :
(a) Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution.
(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Darwinian).
(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary
biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive
radiation, and mosaic evolution).
1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate
Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary
and Quaternary fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man and
Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.
1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the following :
(a) Plio-preleistocene hominids inSouth and East Africa—Australopithecines.
(b) Homo erectus : Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus (heidelbergensis), Asia
(Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis.
(c) Neanderthal man—La-chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive
type).
(d) Rhodesian man.
(e) Homo saoiens—Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelede.
1.7 The biological basis of Life : The Cell, DNA structure and replication, Protein Synthesis,
Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division.
1.8 (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology : Relative and Absolute Dating
methods.
(b) Cultural Evolution—Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures :
(i) Paleolithic
(ii) Mesolithic
(iii) Neolithic
(iv) Chalcolithic
(v) Copper-Bronze Age
(vi) Iron Age
2.1 The Nature of Culture : The concept and Characteristics of culture and civilization;
Ethnocentrism vis-a-vis cultural Relativism.
2.2 The Nature of Society : Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institution; Social
groups; and Social stratification.
2.3 Marriage : Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy,
hypogamy, incest taboo); Type of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group
marriage). Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and
proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth and dowry).
Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
2.4 Family : Definition and universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of
family; Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage,
residence and succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and feminist
movements on family.
2.5 Kinship : Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double,
Bilateral Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and kindred);
Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent, Filiation and Complimentary
Filiation;Decent and Alliance.
3. Economic Organization : Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology;
Formalist and Substantivist debate; Principles governing production, distribution and
exchange (reciprocity, redistribution and market), in communities, subsisting on hunting
and gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture; globalization
and indigenous economic systems.
4. Political Organization and Social Control : Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and state;
concepts of power, authority and legitimacy; social control, law and justice in simple
Societies.
5. Religion : Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological
and functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals; forms
of religion in tribal and peasant Societies (animism, animatism, fetishism, naturism and
totemism); religion, magic and science distinguished; magico-religious functionaries (priest,
shaman, medicine man, sorcerer and witch).
6. Anthropological theories :
(a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer)
(b) Historical particularism (Boas) Diffusionism (British, German and American)
(c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural—Functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)
(d) Structuralism (L’evi-Strauss and E. Leach)
(e) Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora-du Bois)
(f) Neo—evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service)
(g) Cultural materialism (Harris)
(h) Symbolic and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz)
(i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin)
(j) Post-modernism in anthropology.
7. Culture, Language and Communication :
Nature, origin and characteristics of language; verbal and non-verbal communication; social
contex of language use.
8. Research methods in Anthropology :
(a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology
(b) Distinction between technique, method and methodology
Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
(c) Tools of data collection : observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, case study,
genealogy, life-history, oral history, secondary sources of information, participatory
methods.
(d) Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
9.1 Human Genetics : Methods and Application : Methods for study of genetic principles in
man-family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic
method, chromosomal and karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods, immunological
methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.
9.2 Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal and
polygenic inheritance in man.
9.3 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg
law; causes and changes which bring down frequency-mutation, isolation, migration,
selection, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating,
genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages.
9.4 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.
(a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders).
(b) Sex chromosomal aberration- Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX),
intersex and other syndromic disorders.
(c)Autosomal aberrations- Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.
(d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counseling, human DNA
profiling, gene mapping and genome study.
9.5 Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and characters.
Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial
classification, racial differentiation and race crossing in man.
9.6 Age, sex and population variation as genetic marker :ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp,
transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse rate,
respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-ecomomic
groups.
9.7 Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology : Bio-cultural Adaptations—Genetic
and Non-genetic factors. Man’s physiological responses to environmental stresses: hot
desert, cold, high altitude climate.
9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology : Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious
diseases, Nutritional deficiency related diseases.
10. Concept of human growth and Development : Stages of growth—pre-natal, natal, infant,
childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence.
—Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental, biochemical,
nutritional, cultural and socio-economic.
—Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations
—Biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies
for growth studies.
11.1 Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and
Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply.
differentials.
11.2 Demographic theories-biological, social and cultural.
11.3 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality.
12. Applications of Anthropology : Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology,
Anthroplogy in designing of defence and other equipments, Forensic Anthroplogy, Methods
and principles of personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human
genetics—Paternity diagnosis, genetic counselling and eugenics, DNA technology in
diseases and medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology
